Source: http://news.feedzilla.com/en_us/stories/politics/top-stories/287916519?client_source=feed&format=rss
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Thursday, February 28, 2013
Syrians are receiving US aid - they just don't know it
The widespread perception among Syrians that the US has abandoned them is untrue, but US aid is rarely branded as such and it is still far short of what is needed.?
Syrian refugees carry a bucket of water as they walk at Atmeh refugee camp, in the northern Syrian province of Idlib, Syria, last week. Despite US efforts to increase humanitarian assistance to Syria, intended recipients say the American presence remains virtually invisible.
Hussein Malla/AP
EnlargeAt his tiny hospital in Turkey just a stone?s throw from the Syrian border, Qussay Said Essa says he?s all but given up on American assistance. Though he knows the US has pledged money both inside and outside of Syria, he says he doesn?t know of anyone who has seen American aid.
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?What they?ve given is not enough,? says Dr. Essa, a general surgeon at a hospital run by Orient Humanitarian Relief in Reyhanli. ?They?ve given what? $350 million over two years? [The actual American pledge is $385 million.] That?s nothing when you compare it to the size of the tragedy and the destruction.?
Just keeping his tiny clinic afloat in Reyhanli costs $200,000 per month and a sister clinic just across the border with better surgical facilities costs another $600,000 per month. Orient Humanitarian Relief, which Essa says receives funding from wealthy Syrian expatriates, is one of many hundreds of small charitable organizations helping those affected by the Syrian crisis that are in dire need of economic support.
Despite US efforts to increase humanitarian assistance to Syria, intended recipients say the American presence remains virtually invisible. Part of the perceived deficit of support comes from the US policy of not branding or labeling aid parcels to identify them as coming from the US. Many in the aid community say that this has resulted in Syrians feeling abandoned by the US.
In a region where perceptions often matter more than reality, the US has failed to convince many Syrians that it is doing good.
?There?s a sense inside Syria that the US has been stringing the Syrian opposition along,? says Christy Delafield, program director for the Syrian Expatriates Organization. ?Syrian-Americans have been begging the US to brand aid.? The US is doing some great things and the Syrian people aren't seeing it. When they get aid, they credit the Gulf countries, Turkey, or the Europeans, who do brand."
Early this year, President Barack Obama upped the US aid commitment to Syria from $210 million to $365 million. The money has been focused on providing food and healthcare, with more than half of the funds intended for those still inside Syria.
The US announced today that it will give nonlethal aid directly to the rebels that will include medical supplies and food. The US will also provide $60 million for opposition councils working to provide government services in rebel-controlled areas. This is on top of $50 million that the US has already provided for these groups.?Yet the US has intentionally made no effort to communicate to its recipients where the majority of this assistance comes from. Policy makers are concerned that if aid parcels are stamped with American flags or other symbols tying it back to the US, it could endanger the beneficiary or those delivering it inside Syria if they encounter a group hostile to the US.
?We are not putting flags on the aid so that it?s perhaps not as visible as it is in other situations. Our priority is to ensure that it reaches people and that it doesn?t create additional insecurity,? said Nancy Lindborg, USAID?s assistant administrator for democracy, conflict, and humanitarian assistance in recent remarks to the press.
Among those aware of US spending, many allege that a large portion of the money goes to the Syrian government or those inside government controlled areas ? areas less likely to be affected by shortages of food and medical supplies than opposition-controlled areas.
American officials remain insistent that no aid goes directly through the Syrian government, but concede that some may reach those sympathetic to the government when aid is disturbed through groups such as the Red Crescent, whose regional employees may still sympathize with the regime. Other projects benefit large swaths of people that include government supporters, as was the case with funding that provided chlorine for municipal water treatment facilities to produce clean water for 10 million people.
?Much of the aid that?s going in is benefiting a broad array of folks throughout Syria,? said Ms. Lindborg.
For the majority of Syrians, the widely held perception remains that what little US assistance has come their way, much of it has gone to the Assad regime, negating any good done by aid to the opposition that could serve to improve the US image among Syrians.
?I know the US has given money but I?m sure this money has gone to the Red Crescent and this organization has helped the regime so what is the benefit of this assistance?? asks Yasir Alsyed, who manages the Recovery House, which helps wounded Syrians in Reyhanli. ?The US has not supplied any help to the medical or humanitarian sector,? he adds, stating something that is incorrect.
Meanwhile, the scope of the financial commitment to Syria remains disproportionate to the level of need, which Lindborg and other US officials have admitted. Compared to other foreign aid campaigns, the US effort in Syria remains relatively low. During the 2012 fiscal year, the US pledged $2.3 billion to Afghanistan. Even in countries less central to US interests, American spending still exceeds its investment in Syria. During the previous fiscal year the US planned $676 million for aid spending in Jordan and $383 million in Columbia.
As the Syrian conflict approaches its two-year anniversary, the optimism that permeated the early days is gone and the assumption that it is only a matter of time before Assad steps down has faded away amid statements and other indicators that he will not willingly leave power and his troops remain well-armed and capable. Now many Syrians are hunkering down for a prolonged conflict in which they?re not expecting outside help.
?All these are blow after blow. Syrians really thought the West would come to their aid,? says Mouaz Moustafa, political director of the Syrian Emergency Task Force.?
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Rosa Parks statue to be unveiled at Capitol
WASHINGTON (AP) ? Civil rights activist Rosa Parks is taking her place among American historical figures in the U.S. Capitol.
President Barack Obama and top leaders in Congress are scheduled Wednesday to help unveil a 9-foot likeness of Parks in Statuary Hall.
Parks helped invigorate the civil rights movement in December 1955 when she refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man. The act of defiance led to a bus boycott that lasted a year and eventually helped desegregate Montgomery, Ala., city buses.
But decades before and after, she actively worked to bring about racial justice by pressing for voting rights and investigating sexual assaults of black women by white men.
Source: http://news.yahoo.com/rosa-parks-statue-unveiled-capitol-084836676--politics.html
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Wednesday, February 27, 2013
Internet Design, Seo Business ? Hellofor facebook profiles find ...
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Source: http://www.hellofour.com/blog/47547/internet-design-seo-business/
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The Increasing Prevalence of Headaches - Advanced Sports Medicine
How common is a headache? According to recent scientific studies, it is becoming alarmingly common! ?Research from Finland shows the incidence of both general and migraine headache in children increased markedly between 1974 and 1992. Using the same methodology and school environments in both studies, researchers found in 1974 about 14% of a large sample of 7-year old children suffered from headache and less than 2% from migraine. In 1992 these figures leaped almost four-fold to 52% for headache and 6% for migraine.
American researchers, using national statistics, reported the prevalence for migraine in the adult population increased about 60% from 1980 to 1989. The highest increase was found in women younger than 45 years. A third study, also from the United States, revealed a sharp increase of migraine between 1979 and 1991 in persons under 45 years, a jump of 34% in women and nearly 100% in men.
Several theories have been suggested to help explain these startling statistics. Increased stress in our lives, both for adults and children, is one of the more common. This theory lacks credibility, however, as many authorities agree the factors that contribute to stress have not changed significantly over the past decades. More likely the dramatic increase in headache is multifactoral: diet, fitness level, rest, pollution and allergy, time spent sitting at desks, computer screens and watching television and, yes, stress.
Perhaps the single most important factor may be posture. Simply put, we slouch more. Research is now showing posture affects not only muscle and joint function, but also function of the nervous system. We are learning that the static (postural, structural) and dynamic (mechanical, functional) state of our necks has a profound relationship to headache, both general and migraine. Fortunately, posture, like diet, fitness, sleep and time spent sitting, is something we can change.
If you would like more information about the relationship between posture and headache, stop in the office and talk to our clinicians.
Source: http://www.advancedsportmed.com/2013/02/the-increasing-prevalence-of-headaches/
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Tuesday, February 26, 2013
PC Gamers Need To Just Shut Up About PS4 | Games Thirst
I?m annoyed.
Never thought much of PC gamers. Never paid any mind to the crowed since they game on a platform I mostly use for others things. You know, things like working on my website, sending email back and forth ? and you know? using the internet ? stuff like that. The personal computer is a beast, the best piece of invention we?ve ever had and we thank God for it, right? Yes.?The people who play videogames on it, though, I can?t stand them now? not since the release of PS4 at least, when suddenly they started coming out of the woodwork with insulting lingo directed towards Sony?s new console, PlayStation 4.
On almost every website you venture, every forum you scan, every topic where PlayStation 4 is being discussed, these ?gamers? find their way there and start talking elitist crap like, ?oh, whatever, PS4 is weaker than my two-year old PC?, or totally uninformed rubbish like ?ah, Crysis 3 looks better than anything PS4 will be able to produce?. They even go further, talking up trash about consoles on a whole, saying PC is where ?true? gaming is, and soon consoles will be a abolished. All irrelevant talk, to be sure, but it?s irked me to a point of explosion. If your platform is better, there?s no need to make a case for it? If indeed true gaming is on PC, console gamers, by the millions, would have jumped on board already ? but it?s simply not. PC gaming isn?t as popular as these jokers would have you believe.
PS4?s Infamous: Second Son ? in-game footage
Why do you think almost every popular game there is sell the most units on consoles? Yes, almost every game that?s released multiplatform see a huge disparity in sales, with the least sold units being on PC. Why is that? Why is it that one of PC?s biggest franchise, Crysis 2, sold more units on PS3 and Xbox 360 (not combined sales, rather per console) than it did on PC? It?s because the platform is not as popular as these elitist would have you believe!
Crysis 2 PC
Crysis 2 PS3
Crysis 2 Xbox 360
See what I mean? The biggest PC franchise does a shameful 600,000 units lifetime sales, while PS3 and Xbox 360 both hit over 1 million?
? Let?s look at The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim. It?s a game PC gamers swear was made solely for their platform, however it?s also on PS3 and Xbox 360.
Skyrim PS3 ? 4.47 Million Units Sold
Skyrim Xbox 360 ? 7.04 million Units Sold
Skyrim PC ? 2.75 Million Units Sold
How the hell are developers supposed to think of the PC market as the best thing since watermelon when multiplatform games on consoles constantly, utterly, outsell the platform? Why? Because games look better on there? Speaking of which?
Killzone: Shadow Fall In-game footage
? These PC elitists, if they wish to spend thousands of dollars on a PC rig, that?s good for them, but most gamers don?t have all that cash to spend trying to make games look better with expensive chips, and even if they did, I suspect it?s not a top priority. You must have a certain type of setup to enjoy PC to the max. Most gamers are in their 3os, and a lot of them have wives or girlfriends and children. They can?t change their bedroom into some geeky-looking underworld bunker. That won?t fly by a woman! Furthermore, they rather play on their couch, and would sometimes like to get their women and children into the fun (Vice-versa also, as there are as many girl gamers as there are guys).
But even the arguments about two-year old PCs being more powerful than the PlayStation 4 isn?t accurate. In fact, it?s a gross exaggeration. Listen to what an avowed PC fan, who?s built rigs for people, but who also has sense had to say about the whole argument PC gamers have been making concerning the power, or lack thereof of PlayStation. It?s the best article I?ve read on the matter by far. Below is an except, but I?d encourage to read the full thing:
Now we hear a lot about how the PS4?s specs don?t match up to current PC?s. That what was demoed doesn?t look as gorgeous as Crysis 3 on max settings. I get that, I can understand where they are coming from, I?ve been gaming on a PC all of my life. I?ve played the Decents, Heretics, Dooms, 7th Guests, Wing Commanders, X-Wing and Tie Fighters (where is a sequel at?), every game LucasArts, Valve, Blizzard, and id Software have put out. I have also done all of these on custom built computers that either myself or my dad has put together. Hell I was taught how to install RAM and remove the BIOS battery before riding a bike. However, in all of this, I think there are some unfair comparisons being made. So far there is not a direct way of purchasing a similarly designed system. There is not an 8 core APU for purchase. Most people are just running a quad core setup. Not to mention the PS4 has a second chip for background processes that helps take even more load off the APU. There is no memory available to purchase that provides the same speed as the PS4. Sure you might have 16 GB of DDR3 for your system and 3 GB of GDDR5 for your video, but it?s not the same as the PS4?s unified 8 GB of GDDR5 clocked at 176 GB/s for system and video. Comparatively non-overclocked DDR3-1333 for PC?s transfer data at 10.7 GB/s. Also, unless you?ve built a completely new computer in the last 6 months, you?re probably not running a complete PCI Express 3.0 Setup. Meaning your MOBO, CPU, and GPU all have to be equipped with it. This means your bus speeds could be aiding in the bottlenecking of your system. Even still PCI 3.0 can?t compete with the bus speeds within an APU. I?m not saying that the PS4 is the end all be all machine, but it might be better equipped than it is given credit for. They also have a clear advantage of being able to write to the metal. There is no cumbersome OS or layers that a typical system has to work through. PC development also has to think about the least common factor when developing a title. It doesn?t make sense for a developer just to build a game for the 10%. Not everyone owns a GTX 680 and even comparably that is a card with 2GB of RAM at $500. That alone will probably be more than the price of Sony?s new console. To build a similar spec?d PC you may need to consider the greater sum of it?s parts than low balling it. I helped a friend build a computer last month and he had a budget of around $1100 (the link for parts can be found?here.) and I?ll go out on a limb and say that the PS4 still has a distinct edge.
So even a huge PC fan, one who has actual knowledge of how these things work, has sided with PlayStation 4, reckoning that it has a ?distinct edge? on the most up-to-date PC rig out there.
I could go on and on, but This is enough. PC gamers need to just shut up already. Go back to your setup and play your games. Because all this hate is annoying, and shows what you really think about console gamers.
We are all people looking to have fun enjoying our favorite pastime. There?s no need for all the stupid ?my 2yr old PC is more powerful than your new PS4? shots, especially when it is a blatant lie.
Source: http://www.gamesthirst.com/2013/02/26/pc-gamers-need-to-just-shut-up-about-ps4/
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Indigo is a cloud-based, cross-platform personal assistant for Android and Windows Phone 8 (hands-on)
The idea of a personal assistant needs no introduction: you already know Siri, and those of you fortunate to own a Jelly Bean handset (or at least a hacked ICS one) have the privilege of using Google Now So there's very little we haven't seen here. And yet, we were inclined to take a look at Indigo, a new personal assistant for Android and Windows Phone 8 that launched yesterday, and will be available as a free download in the coming weeks. Meet us past the break to find out why.
Source: Indigo
Source: http://www.engadget.com/2013/02/26/indigo-personal-assistant-hands-on/
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Anne Hathaway's Nipples And The Oscars' Biggest Social Trends
Jennifer Lawrence's tumble and Bond girls past and present had Twitter buzzing.
By Sarah Karp Ward
Anne Hathaway at the 2013 Oscars
Photo: Kevin Winter/ Getty Images
Source: http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1702536/anne-hathaway-nipples-oscars-2013.jhtml
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Monday, February 25, 2013
Oscars to movie stars: Please tweet during the awards
Matt Sayles/Invision/AP
. As part of its push to attract younger viewers to the Oscars, the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences is working to make the show a two-screen experience by offering new camera perspectives and interactive features on its website. (Photo by Matt Sayles/Invision/AP)
By Sandy Cohen, Associated Press
The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences is encouraging celebrities to tweet during the Oscars.
The film organization has expanded its digital outreach for the 85th Academy Awards with a new feature that lets stars to snap photos of themselves backstage during Sunday's ceremony and instantly post them online.
What Twitter calls a "Magic Mirror" will take photo-booth-style pictures of participating stars in the green room and send them out on the academy's official Twitter account. Organizers expect multiple celebrity mash-ups.
The backstage green room is a private place for stars to hang out before taking the stage and is typically closed to press and photographers.
The Magic Mirror is "giving access to fans at home a part of the show they never got to experience before," Twitter spokeswoman Elaine Filadelfo said Friday.
A new video-on-demand/instant replay feature also being introduced Sunday will allow Oscar fans to view show highlights online moments after they happen and share them with friends on Twitter and Facebook. Dozens of clips from the red carpet and the awards telecast will be available on the official Oscar website beyond Sunday's ceremony.
Oscar.com also offers other behind-the-scenes interactive features, including various backstage camera perspectives and a new live blog that aggregates the show's presence across social media. It will track the traffic on whatever makes a splash, like Angelina Jolie's right leg did last year.
The academy wants to make its second-screen experience just as rich as its primary one.
"Social media is now mainstream," said Christina Kounelias, chief marketing officer for the academy.
"We're not doing social media to reach out to young kids," said the academy's digital media director, Josh Spector. "We're doing it to connect with all Oscar fans."
Follow AP Entertainment Writer Sandy Cohen on Twitte.
More from TODAY and the Oscars:
Studios and promoters spend millions of dollars in the push to Oscar gold, and industry analysts say spending connected to this year's awards is higher than ever, especially when it comes to best picture. NBC's Diana Alvear reports.
?
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Steel on the menu at sword swallowers' Hollywood sideshow
LOS ANGELES (Reuters) - George the Giant, towering over onlookers gathered to see performers swallow steel, hammers a 6-1/2 inch (16.5 cm) nail up his nostril, rips a phone book in half with his bare hands and dangles a full bottle of Coke from his eyelids with fish hooks.
The world's tallest sword swallower, at 7 feet 3 inches (2.2 metres), he was under strict doctor's orders not to participate in the main event at the 6th Annual "World Sword Swallower's Day" due to an unrelated injury, but remained intent on pleasing the crowd.
He was among performers on Hollywood Boulevard outside of Ripley's Believe it or Not! on Saturday for a death-defying show that would ultimately see 234 inches (6 meters) of metal swallowed simultaneously by some of America's best sword swallowers.
"Every time you swallow a sword you're cheating death," George said of the art he's practiced for the past two decades. The longest sword he's swallowed was 33 inches (84 cm) long and one and a half inches (3.8 cm) wide. "It's a rush to watch people as they watch you do these things that others can't do."
As these professionals threw their heads back and "dropped sword," the adrenaline pumped from the performers out into the Hollywood crowd as they excitedly cheered.
With preparations for Sunday's Academy Awards show under way across the street, about 100 passers-by gathered with anticipation as the performers swallowed steel.
Amy Amnesia, a 32-year-old performer, told Reuters this was her first public appearance. Explaining that the minimum requirements were for swords 14 inches (35.5 cm) long and a half-inch (1.3 cm) wide, she said her particular sword of choice is 19 inches (48 cm).
"You have to get your body used to this new paradigm of having a large solid object down your throat," she said, explaining that she had only recently learned the art.
Ripley's, which sponsored the event along with the Sword Swallowers Association International, has supported the sword- swallowing community for 80 years, and such events have made contributions to medicine and science by raising money for esophageal cancer research.
According to Ripley's General Manager and new sword swallowing trainee Andrea Silverman, the best way to learn is to first start training with a wire coat hanger.
"The average person takes six months to get comfortable and a year before their first performance," she said.
Brett Loudermilk, 24, first learned to swallow swords when he was 15 years old, saying he "started out with a cake spatula and then moved to a wire coat hanger."
Why does Loudermilk perform? "It's great providing people with a sense of wonder."
(Editing by Cynthia Johnston, Daniel Trotta and Eric Walsh)
Source: http://news.yahoo.com/steel-menu-sword-swallowers-hollywood-sideshow-163405601.html
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LG acquires webOS from HP, plans to use it in smart TV platform
Here's a wild one -- webOS has been revived, and the suitor may surprise you. LG has reportedly lifted the troubled webOS unit from HP's hands, but instead of using it in future smartphones or tablets, it's planning to inject the operating system across its smart TV portfolio -- finally adding a layer of truth to a rumor we first spotted in October of last year. The deal includes the source code for webOS, "related documentation, engineering talent, and related webOS websites." Moreover, LG's procuring HP licenses for use with its webOS wares, not to mention patents that HP had originally gained from Palm. Not surprisingly, dollars and cents aren't being publicly discussed, but we'll be sure to clue you in on any more specifics as we get them.
Filed under: Home Entertainment, HD
Via: CNET
Source: LG
Source: http://www.engadget.com/2013/02/25/lg-acquires-webos-from-hp-smart-tv-future/
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64 networks out in Mexico
64 networks experienced an outage in Mexico starting at 03:27 UTC on February 24. This represents less than 1% of the routed networks in the country.
100% of the networks in this event reached the Internet through the connections: Bestel (AS18734) to Level 3 (AS3356), Bestel (AS18734) to PCCW Global (AS3491).
Source: http://www.renesys.com/eventsbulletin/2013/02/MX-1361676450.html
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Sunday, February 24, 2013
Victoria Beckham & Harper: London Eurostar Arrival with Brooklyn!
Victoria Beckham carries her precious daughter Harper while stepping out of the Eurostar station on Friday (February 22) in London, England.
The 38-year-old fashion designer was joined by her older son Brooklyn.
PHOTOS: Check out the latest pics of Victoria Beckham
On the same day, Victoria?s husband David Beckham was seen rocking a beanie at Gare du Nord?s Train Station in Paris.
The day after, Victoria posted a pic of luggage and tweeted, ?Spotted in Milan! There is another VB?? X vb.? Check out the pic below!
Earlier in the week, Victoria and Harper were spotted doing some shopping together in Paris.
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Source: http://www.justjared.com/2013/02/23/victoria-beckham-harper-london-eurostar-arrival-with-brooklyn/
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Saturday, February 23, 2013
Rocket attacks on Israeli city increase miscarriage likelihood, study finds
Feb. 22, 2013 ? Rocket attacks in Sderot, Israel significantly increase the likelihood of miscarriages, according to a new study by Ben-Gurion University of the Negev (BGU) researchers.
The study, published in the January issue of Psychosomatic Medicine Journal of Bio-behavioral Medicine, compared 1,341 pregnancies of women (exposed group) who resided in Sderot, an area exposed to frequent rocket fire, with 2,143 pregnancies of women who lived in Kiryat Gat (unexposed group), which is out of range of missiles.
Among women residing in the exposed town, the number of weekly alarms during the 6 months preconception was 2.2 with a range of 0 to 15.3. During pregnancy, the mean weekly alarm rate was 3.5 with a range of 0 to 31.
The study found that exposure to rocket attacks increased miscarriages (also known as Spontaneous Abortion) (SA) risk by 59 percent, as compared to women not experiencing this stress during or before pregnancy (in Sderot 6 percent compared with 4.7 percent in Kiryat Gat).
The Israeli southern town of Sderot has been a constant target of rocket firing from the Gaza Strip since 2001. The rocket attacks are preceded by a warning alarm that informs residents to seek shelter.
These alarms are loud, sudden as well as stress inducing because they are sounded only few seconds before the rocket hits the town. Between April 2001 and December 2008, more than 1000 alarms have been sounded in or near Sderot -- 500 during 2008 alone. Rockets have fallen and exploded within the town, killing residents and causing property damage.
The researchers also found that among the residents of Sderot those with both the lowest and highest level of exposure to rocket alarms during pregnancy had higher risk for SA than those with intermediate exposure.
Researchers suggested that this finding may be explained by dysregulation of cortisol, a known stress hormone, explain Tamar Wainstock, Ph.D candidate and Professor Ilana Shoham-Vardi at BGU's Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences. "However, as the number of alarms intensified, the risk was elevated again possibly with increased cortisol level, or alternatively, with reduced cortisol level, as found in Post Traumatic Stress Disorders, which itself may increase the risk for adverse pregnancy outcomes."
Other researchers involved in the study were Prof. Eyal Anteby, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Barzilai Medical Center, Prof. Liat Lerner-Geva and Saralee Glasser, Women and Children's Health Research Unit, Gertner Institute for Epidemiology and Health Policy Research.
This study was supported in part, by Grant No. 3-00000-6643/2011 (principal investigator Lerner- Geva L.) from the Chief Scientist Office of the Ministry of Health, Israel.
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The above story is reprinted from materials provided by American Associates, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev.
Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.
Journal Reference:
- T. Wainstock, L. Lerner-Geva, S. Glasser, I. Shoham-Vardi, E. Y. Anteby. Prenatal Stress and Risk of Spontaneous Abortion. Psychosomatic Medicine, 2013; DOI: 10.1097/PSY.0b013e318280f5f3
Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.
Disclaimer: This article is not intended to provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Views expressed here do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily or its staff.
Source: http://feeds.sciencedaily.com/~r/sciencedaily/most_popular/~3/FNiHmZO12js/130222121051.htm
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Ford Focus
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Genomic detectives crack the case of the missing heritability
Feb. 22, 2013 ? Despite years of research, the genetic factors behind many human diseases and characteristics remain unknown. The inability to find the complete genetic causes of family traits such as height or the risk of type 2 diabetes has been called the "missing heritability" problem.
A new study by Princeton University researchers, however, suggests that missing heritability may not be missing after all -- at least not in yeast cells, which the researchers used as a model for studying the problem. Published in the journal Nature, the results suggest that heritability in humans may be hidden due only to the limitations of modern research tools, but could be discovered if scientists know where (and how) to look.
"The message of our study is that if you look hard enough you will find the missing heritability," said the senior researcher, Leonid Kruglyak, Princeton's William R. Harman '63 and Mary-Love Harman Professor in Genomics and a Howard Hughes Medical Institute Investigator. Kruglyak worked with first author Joshua Bloom, a Princeton graduate student; Wesley Loo, a 2010 Princeton graduate now a graduate student at Harvard University; Thuy-Lan Lite, Class of 2012, who is working at the National Institutes of Health for a year before starting graduate school; and Ian Ehrenreich, a past Princeton postdoctoral researcher now at the University of Southern California.
"We don't think there is some fundamental limitation -- such as that there are things we don't understand about how genes behave -- that is holding us back," Kruglyak said. "Instead, we should be able to detect the heritability in humans if we use the right tools."
Passed down from parent to child, genes determine not only eye color and other physical characteristics but also the risk of diseases. Some inherited diseases are caused by a mutation in a single gene. These single-gene disorders have well-defined patterns of inheritance that can be used to predict the chances that an individual will inherit the disease.
However, many diseases and physical traits arise due to multiple genes, multiple locations within genes, and even the regions of DNA between genes. Across the genome -- which is an individual's total genetic content -- small variations in DNA code can, when added together, increase or decrease the likelihood that a person will develop a disease or characteristic.
Height, for example, results from variations in DNA at multiple locations on the genome. Researchers have detected about 180 locations in the human genome where small alterations in the DNA code can have an influence on how tall or short a person is. Nonetheless, these locations account for only 13 percent of the expected contribution genetic code has on a person's height.
Type 2 diabetes also has missing heritability: About 40 identified genome locations are associated with the risk of developing the condition, but those account for only 10 percent of the estimated genetic influence. Finding the missing heritability for diseases like type 2 diabetes, Crohn's disease and schizophrenia could help inform prevention and treatment strategies.
In the present study, the researchers scanned the genomes of yeast cells for DNA variations -- which can be thought of as spelling errors in the four-letter DNA code -- and then matched those variations with qualities or characteristics inherited from the cells' parents. The researchers detected numerous DNA variations that, when added together, accounted for almost all of the offsprings' inherited characteristics, indicating that there was very little missing heritability in yeast.
Although the search for heritability was successful in yeast, finding missing heritability in humans is far more complicated, Kruglyak said. For example, interactions between genes can contribute to heritable traits, but such interactions are difficult to detect with genome-wide association studies (GWAS), which are the primary means by which geneticists look for DNA variations associated with diseases or traits. In addition, environmental factors such as nutrition also can influence gene activity, and these influences can be elusive to the genome-wide study. GWAS also may be inadequate at detecting common DNA spelling errors that have only small effects, or it may fail to find DNA variations that have a large effect but are rare.
The study sheds light on the role of nature (genetic factors) versus nurture (environmental factors) in determining traits and disease risk, according to Bert Vogelstein, director of the Ludwig Center at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and a Howard Hughes Medical Institute Investigator.
"The nature versus nurture argument has been brewing for decades, both among scientists and the lay public, and 'missing heritability' has been problematic for the 'nature' component," said Vogelstein, who was not involved in the Princeton study.
"This beautiful study demonstrates that the genetic basis for heritability (nature) can be precisely defined if extensive, well-controlled experiments can be performed," Vogelstein said. "Though the results were obtained in a model organism, I would be surprised if they didn't apply, at least in part, to higher organisms, including humans."
Kruglyak said that one approach to finding the missing heritability in humans might be to apply genome-wide scans to large families, rather than focusing on large populations as is currently done. Family studies take advantage of the fact that the same genetic variations will be more common in families -- and thus easier to detect. However, the disadvantage of family studies is that the detected genetic variations may not be widespread in the population.
For the study in yeast, the team examined the offspring of two yeast cells, one that is commonly used in laboratory studies and the other in wine making. Although yeast usually reproduce asexually, under certain conditions, such as lack of food, two yeast cells will mate and produce offspring that, like human children, receive roughly half their genetic material from each parent. "Our study involves thousands of 'kids' from a single set of parents," Kruglyak said.
The team first sequenced the genomes of the two parent cells and then conducted scans for DNA variations in the genomes of 1,008 offspring. Yeast do not inherit height or disease risk from their parents, but they can inherit the ability to survive in adverse conditions. The researchers tested the parents and their offspring for the ability to grow under various conditions, including different temperatures, acidity levels, food sources, antibiotics, metal compounds, and in drugs such as caffeine.
The researchers then looked for associations between the DNA variations inherited from the parents and growth ability, and determined that the DNA variations accounted for nearly all of the resilience noted in the offspring.
The paper, "Finding the sources of missing heritability in a yeast cross," was published in Nature on Feb. 3, 2013. This work was supported by National Institutes of Health (NIH) grants R37 MH59520 and R01 GM102308; a James S. McDonnell Centennial Fellowship (L.K.); the Howard Hughes Medical Institute (L.K.); a National Science Foundation (NSF) fellowship (J.S.B.); an NIH postdoctoral fellowship F32 HG51762 (I.M.E.); and NIH grant P50 GM071508 to the Center for Quantitative Biology at the Lewis-Sigler Institute of Princeton University.
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The above story is reprinted from materials provided by Princeton University. The original article was written by Catherine Zandonella.
Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.
Journal Reference:
- Joshua S. Bloom, Ian M. Ehrenreich, Wesley T. Loo, Th?y-Lan V? Lite, Leonid Kruglyak. Finding the sources of missing heritability in a yeast cross. Nature, 2013; 494 (7436): 234 DOI: 10.1038/nature11867
Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.
Disclaimer: This article is not intended to provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Views expressed here do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily or its staff.
Source: http://feeds.sciencedaily.com/~r/sciencedaily/top_news/top_health/~3/bcvfBHxI58A/130222121047.htm
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Friday, February 22, 2013
New flu drug stops virus in its tracks
Friday, February 22, 2013
A new class of influenza drug has been shown effective against drug-resistant strains of the flu virus, according to a study led by University of British Columbia researchers.
Published online today in the journal Science Express, the study details the development of a new drug candidate that prevents the flu virus from spreading from one cell to the next. The drug is shown to successfully treat mice with lethal strains of the flu virus.
In order to spread in the body, the flu virus first uses a protein, called hemagglutinin, to bind to the healthy cell's receptors. Once it has inserted its RNA and replicated, the virus uses an enzyme, called neuraminidase, to sever the connection and move on to the next healthy cell.
"Our drug agent uses the same approach as current flu treatments ? by preventing neuraminidase from cutting its ties with the infected cell," says UBC Chemistry Prof. Steve Withers, the study's senior author. "But our agent latches onto this enzyme like a broken key, stuck in a lock, rendering it useless."
The World Health Organization estimates that influenza affects three to five million people globally each year, causing 250,000 to 500,000 deaths. In some pandemic years, the figure rose to millions.
"One of the major challenges of the current flu treatments is that new strains of the flu virus are becoming resistant, leaving us vulnerable to the next pandemic," says Withers, whose team includes researchers from Canada, the UK, and Australia.
"By taking advantage of the virus's own 'molecular machinery' to attach itself," Withers adds. "The new drug could remain effective longer, since resistant virus strains cannot arise without destroying their own mechanism for infection."
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University of British Columbia: http://www.ubc.ca
Thanks to University of British Columbia for this article.
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Source: http://www.labspaces.net/126979/New_flu_drug_stops_virus_in_its_tracks
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Invigorate your life with innovation | Martina McGowan
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?
Just as energy is the basis of life itself,
and ideas the source of innovation,
so is innovation the vital spark of all human
change, improvement and progress ?
Ted Levitt
?
What is the?power of innovation? It is?a talent that everyone possesses, yet most people don?t think they do.?If you have ever marveled at someone else?s creative prowess, guess what, you can create and innovate too. It just some takes time. Everyone is born creative. Remember that? box of crayons the teacher pulled out in?kindergarten? Their use was?not limited to those who possessed a specific potential. Because the truth of the matter is that?everybody has potential.
You remember how long it took you to learn to ride your bike, or to drive well, or to never commit the exact same mistake again at work? It is the same with innovation. It will take you a? bit of practice and a lot of time before this mind-set?comes easily to you?when called upon.
Tips to invigorate your life with innovation:?
1. Listen to your inner voice. Don?t listen to what other people say. March to the beat of your own drum. Allowing for the input of other people can be helpful at times, but it can also?bring confusion and cacophony to the music you are trying to make. If you have an original idea, don?t waste your time and effort trying to make everyone understand; most won?t. And most of the advice?you will probably hear will come?in the form of negative feedback. If all the geniuses you have read about had listened to their peers, we would probably all still be living in the middle ages.
2. Put in the time.?This will involve your skills both in?time management and discipline. But, if it is important to you, you will find a way.
3. Get some exercise. Take a walk. Run a mile or two. Get all of those natural endorphins coursing through your veins. Exercising certainly clears,?relaxes and opens your mind.
4. Record your dreams. Some of your dreams, I am sure are just?the craziest things. They are things that?your conscious mind would never have thought of.?If you have had these types of?dreams before, and I?m sure have, this demonstrates that you have?untapped innovative power lying within you.?Keep some paper by the bedside. Jot down some notes before the thoughts are overtaken by the day?s necessities.?Those dreams may just create an innovative spark in you.
5. Find your own style. If you have look at any art, you know that you?can always tell a Van Gogh from a Matisse. If you have done much reading, you will know that Hemingway wrote something by the choice of words used.?It is?the same with you. People will appreciate your innovation more because it is uniquely yours.
6. Don?t put your light under a bushel. Resist the temptation to hide behind your nifty gadgets or tools. You don?t need the most expensive set of paints to produce a masterpiece. Much the same way with writing. You don?t need some expensive fountain pen and really smooth paper for a bestseller. In fact, J.K. Rowling wrote the first book of the Harry Potter Series on bits of tissue. Does it really matter that you have?an expensive SLR camera if you are a crappy photographer? Who cares if? you have a totally blinged-out?blinging laptop if you never write a word?
The artist actually reduces the number of tools he has as he gets better at his craft.?She or he?knows what works and what doesn?t.
7. Get passionate! Nothing will work without passion. What wakes you up in the mornings? What keeps the flame inside burning? What is the one thing that makes you feel life you will just die if you don?t get done? Oftentimes people with talent are overtaken by the people who want it more. Think the hare and the tortoise. Ellen Degeneres once said that if you?re not doing something that you want to do, then you don?t really want to do it. And that?s very true. Sometimes you just want something so bad you become virtually unstoppable. And that, my friend, ?is passion. Passion will keep you going.
8. Stay prepared. Don?t worry about inspiration. You can?t force it. Inspiration will often hit you when you?least expect it to. For those unpredictable yet inevitable and precious moments, you should stay prepare. An idea could strike you on your subway ride, but sadly,?you don?t have no sheet of paper to scribble down a thought that could change the world. Or at least change yours.?Avoid these disasters and the attendant regrets. Have a pen and paper within your arm?s reach at all times.
?
The most important thing that you must keep?in mind that you are doing these things for yourself and your?own satisfaction,?not someone else?s.?But soon or late, they will notice the shift in you, and so will you!
Thoughts?
?
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Photo Credit: mdezemery via Compfight cc
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About Martina McGowanServant, MD (gynecologist), blogger, businesswoman, seminary student, mother, grandmother, sexual assault survivor's advocate, minister, speaker, teacher, leader, writer, occasional haikuist
About Martina
Servant, MD (gynecologist), blogger, businesswoman, seminary student, mother, grandmother, sexual assault survivor's advocate, minister, speaker, teacher, leader, writer, occasional haikuistSource: http://martinamcgowan.com/2013/02/invigorate-life-innovatiowhat-innovation-can-do-to-your-life/
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PARANDEKAR: The Economy, Ethics and Euthanasia | The Cornell ...
One of the statistics we hear fairly often in veterinary school is that when the economy crashed in 2008, pet ownership declined with it. We talk about this in order to understand the potential impact of a shrinking client base on the veterinary profession and to get a firmer grasp on what affects the economy can have on veterinary medicine. We then understand why pet ownership has decreased fairly steadily; what we never talk about, however, is how this happens.
The reason that?s easiest to stomach is that when older pets die, owners do not replace them with new additions to the family because they can no longer afford to do so. ?However, there are also the people who cannot afford to have their current pet and have to find something to do with that young, healthy animal. ?
One option is to give the animal up for adoption. ?This is a feasible outcome for an owner if the pet is non-aggressive, because then the person can give the animal to an adoption-guarantee shelter that is obligated to keep it. ?However, one of the problems with this is that most shelters are often full to capacity and an influx of pets puts a big strain on them. ?The owner must also read the fine print in the shelter?s policy very clearly because even ?no-kill? can be an ambiguous term with several exceptions.
Another option is to simply release the animal on the streets. ?I heard about this when I spent a semester studying in Buenos Aires as an undergraduate. Veterinarians there told me that when their economy crashed and people could no longer afford their pets, they often released them in local parks. ?That being said, abandoning an animal who is accustomed to being indoors and cared for could be considered animal cruelty.
The last option is to ask a veterinarian to euthanize the animal. ?The owner has to pay for this and has to face the hard reality that they are sentencing their pet to death (which is a likely outcome in the other two options anyway). ?Also, from the veterinarian?s standpoint, it raises a serious ethical dilemma. ?Is it acceptable to kill a healthy animal when your job is to improve their lives? ?My gut reaction is to say no. ?I would help to try to find a new home for the animal but I wouldn?t put it down. Practically though, that could make me, at least temporarily, the owner of several animals that I will have to support. If I just refused and sent the animal home with the owner, then it is likely that that animal would face one of the aforementioned fates or be taken to another veterinarian who would agree to carry out the euthanasia.?
I?ve only been referring to house pets so far; the situation gets more complicated when we start to think about horses too. ?Horses are even more expensive to keep than small animals and have even longer lives. There are very few horse shelters in the country and most of them are consistently full. ?It can be hard, practically speaking, to just abandon a horse in a field, which leaves euthanasia or simply not providing proper care (not feeding enough, skimping on routine care, etc.). So if an equine veterinarian faces the same quandary as her small animal counterpart, what?s the right decision? Personally, provided the horse was healthy and sound, I would try my hardest to help the client find another home for their horse instead. But realistically, what I actually would do is to go to my boss for advice and hope that I?m part of a practice with ethical guidelines that I can learn from.
There is clearly no easy solution to the unwanted animal problem. It has to be attacked from multiple directions, such as educating potential new pet owners about all of the costs of keeping a pet, discouraging breeding ?just for fun? when there are plenty of animals that need homes and trying to find a way to alleviate the financial strain of having a pet ? perhaps through discounted feeding programs for low income families or by taking a closer look at pet health insurance. As the economy recovers hopefully this will become a less severe problem, but steps should be taken to ensure that animal care does not have to suffer again the next time the economy takes a nosedive.
Nikhita Parandekar graduated from Cornell in 2011 and is a second-year veterinary student in the Cornell College of Veterinary Medicine. She may be reached at nparandekar@cornellsun.com. Hoof in Mouth appears alternate Fridays this semester.?
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Breakthrough Prize Awards Research To Cure Disease
Melissa Block speaks with Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg and Apple chairman Art Levinson about the multimillion-dollar prize they've created with other Silicon Valley illuminati to award advancements in research aimed at curing intractable diseases and extending human life. Eleven scientists have been named winners of the Breakthrough Prize this year.
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Thursday, February 21, 2013
Monster goldfish found in Lake Tahoe probably dumped from aquarium
Monster goldfish found: A?nearly 18-inch, 4.2-pound goldfish discovered in the depths of Lake Tahoe is not a native species, say scientists.
Gigantic goldfish, like this one held by University of Nevada, Reno, researcher Christine Ngai, have been found in the waters of Lake Tahoe.
Heather Segale
EnlargeA new kind of lake monster has been found, in the depths of Lake Tahoe: gigantic goldfish. Researchers trawling the lake for invasive fish species scooped up a goldfish that was nearly 1.5 feet long and 4.2 pounds.
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"During these surveys, we've found a nice corner where there's about 15 other goldfish," environmental scientist Sudeep Chandra of the University of Nevada, Reno, told LiveScience. "It's an indication that they were schooling and spawning." The arrival of the fish, which were probably dumped there by aquarium owners, has Chandra worried ? goldfish are aninvasive species?that could interfere with Lake Tahoe's ecosystem.
It's unclear whether the giant fish were introduced as fully grown adults, or while they were still small, Chandra said. But even a small creature can have a big impact, if there are enough of them.
The goldfish are just one of several species of invasive warm-water fishes in?Lake Tahoe. "The invasion is resulting in the consumption of native species," Chandra said. What's more, the invasive fish excrete nutrients that cause algal blooms, which threaten to muddy Tahoe's clear waters. [Photos: Giant Goldfish & Other Freaky Fish]
Fish out of water
Aquarium dumping has become a common practice in the United States and elsewhere, and it's taking a toll on native wildlife. A recent reporton?California's aquarium trade?found that fish owners and importers are introducing hardy, nonnative aquatic species to California waters. "Globally, the aquarium trade has contributed a third of the?world's worst aquatic and invasive species," Williams, who was lead author of the report, told OurAmazingPlanet, a sister site of LiveScience, in January.
While the exact number of aquarium owners dumping fish is unknown, scientists know the practice is occurring because these species could not have ended up in these waters naturally. Between 20 percent and 69 percent of fish keepers surveyed in Texas admitted to dumping, according to Williams.
Other ways that invasive species find their way into natural ecosystems include aquaculture, live seafood, live bait, and fishing and recreation vessels. More than 11 million nonnative marine organisms representing at least 102 species arrive at ports in San Francisco and Los Angeles alone, Williams has found.
The invaders include tropical fish, seaweed and snails. One of the nastiest is a deadly type of seaweed known asCaulerpa. A type of?algae that produces toxic compounds?that kill off fish,?Caulerpa?was eradicated in 2000 (at great expense) from lagoons in Southern California.
Aquarium owners should be more careful when disposing of unwanted fish and other animals, Williams cautioned. "It's pretty simple: Don't dump your fish," she said. Instead, she suggests calling the pet shop that sold the fish or your state department of fish and wildlife. (Euthanasia is another option, but simply flushing fish down the toilet can be problematic ? for the fish and for your plumbing.)
So why do people dump fish? Studies of dumping have shown that size and aggressiveness of the fish are two main factors, Williams said.
The?largest pet goldfish, according to the BBC, was a fish named Goldie that was 15 inches (38 cm) long and weighed more than 2 pounds (0.9 kg).
Follow LiveScience on Twitter?@livescience. We're also on?Facebook?&?Google+.?
Copyright 2013?LiveScience, a TechMediaNetwork company. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.
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